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细胞不需要一条奔流到海的汹涌大江，而是用小运河组成的网络推动它们的磨坊。从能量角度来看，酶的威力不在于它们的催化速度有多快，而在于它们会针对性地发挥力量，引导网络达成最大化输出。

We can take it for granted that animals need oxygen (even though that is not always true), and have it, so oxygen is a common denominator. ...We tend to think of oxygen as wholesome and good, but in fact from the point of view of primordial biochemistry it is anything but: it is toxic and reactive. As oxygen levels rose, the textbook story goes, this dangerous gas put a heavy selection pressure on the whole microbial world. There are stark tales of the mass extinction to end them all – what Lynn Margulis termed the oxygen ‘holocaust’.

Oxygen forced new relationships between cells – symbioses and endosymbioses, in which cells traded among and within themselves for the tools of survival.

Thus the serial endosymbiosis theory claims that eukaryotes are composed of an ensemble of bacteria, forged in a communal enterprise over hundreds of millions of years after the Great Oxidation Event.

Right up to her premature death from a stroke in 2011, Margulis did indeed hold firm to her belief that eukaryotes are a rich and varied tapestry of endosymbioses. For her, endosymbiosis was a way of life, an underexplored ‘feminine’ avenue of evolution, in which cooperation – ‘networking’, as she called it – trumped the unpleasantly masculine competition between the hunters and hunted.

闪电能够提供的电子数量完全满足不了生命的需求。紫外线可能是更好的能量来源。……那时候的太阳还年轻，电磁波谱与现在相比更偏高能，在当时没有臭氧层过滤的条件下，紫外线通量比现在大得多，源源不绝地投射到地球以及其它行星上。

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