Naming and Necessity pdf snb 115盘 kindle 在线 下载 pmlz mobi

'Naming and Necessity' has had a great and increasing influence. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of naming, and of identity. This seminal work, to which today's thriving essentialist metaphysics largely owes its impetus, is here reissued in a newly corrected form with a new preface by the author. If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics, or in philosophy of language, this is it.

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我在研究模态逻辑时就认为，正像威金斯（Wiggins）所说的，莱布尼茨关于同一物的不可辨别性原理与矛盾律一样是自明的。我总也不明白，为什么居然有些哲学家会对这一点抱有怀疑。对模态逻辑（即关于“可能世界”的语义学）进行的模型论研究只能证实，那些涉及模态特性的所谓反例最后总是被证明为与某种混乱有关：有关的语境并不表示真正的特性；范围上存在着混淆，或者将个体概念之间的偶然吻合与个体之间的同一性相混淆。而模型论则把这一切彻底澄清了，虽然这个问题在直观的水平上就应该是充分清楚的。如果撇开从x无需具有必然存在这个事实所得出的种种令人困惑的考虑，那么，根据(x)☐(x=x)和莱布尼茨的同一律，同一性是一种“内在的”关系的原理，即可得出：(x)(y)(x=y⊃□x=y) [什么样的配对(x,y)可以成为反例呢？这不是不同对象的配对，因为那样一来前项就是假的了；也不是任何对象与其自身的配对，因为那样一来，后项就是真的了]。

书籍介绍

'Naming and Necessity' has had a great and increasing influence. It redirected philosophical attention to neglected questions of natural and metaphysical necessity and to the connections between these and theories of naming, and of identity. This seminal work, to which today's thriving essentialist metaphysics largely owes its impetus, is here reissued in a newly corrected form with a new preface by the author. If there is such a thing as essential reading in metaphysics, or in philosophy of language, this is it.