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Which is more dangerous, a gun or a swimming pool? What do schoolteachers and sumo wrestlers have in common? Why do drug dealers still live with their moms? How much do parents really matter? How did the legalization of abortion affect the rate of violent crime? These may not sound like typical questions for an econo-mist to ask. But Steven D. Levitt is not a typical economist. He is a much-heralded scholar who studies the riddles of everyday life—from cheating and crime to sports and child-rearing—and whose conclusions turn conventional wisdom on its head. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. They usually begin with a mountain of data and a simple question. Some of these questions concern life-and-death issues; others have an admittedly freakish quality. Thus the new field of study contained in this book: freakonomics. Through forceful storytelling and wry insight, Levitt and Dubner show that economics is, at root, the study of incentives—how people get what they want, or need, especially when other people want or need the same thing. In Freakonomics , they explore the hidden side of . . . well, everything. The inner workings of a crack gang. The truth about real-estate agents. The myths of campaign finance. The telltale marks of a cheating schoolteacher. The secrets of the Klu Klux Klan. What unites all these stories is a belief that the modern world, despite a great deal of complexity and downright deceit, is not impenetrable, is not unknowable, and—if the right questions are asked—is even more intriguing than we think. All it takes is a new way of looking. Freakonomics establishes this unconventional premise: If morality represents how we would like the world to work, then economics represents how it actually does work. It is true that readers of this book will be armed with enough riddles and stories to last a thousand cocktail parties. But Freakonomics can provide more than that. It will literally redefine the way we view the modern world.

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这些数据还表明，规模较小的公司比规模较大的公司更加诚实。……我们发现，乡下的犯罪率远远低于城里的犯罪率，这在很大的程度上是因为乡下犯罪的人通常更容易被发现。而且，小型社区通常更容易对犯罪者施加较强的社会压力，其中最主要的一种压力就是耻辱感。

甜饼实验还说明了一个人的心情对他的诚实度产生巨大的影响，比如说天气就是一个主要因素。

士气是一个很重要的因素，当员工喜欢自己的老板和工作时，这家公司的诚信度通常比较高。公司中级别越高的员工，越有可能进行欺诈。

亚当-斯密在《道德情操论》讨论人类的内在诚信问题说，“无论一个人多么自私，他都会坚守一些原则，去维护别人的利益，让别人感到幸福，虽然他可能并不会从中得到什么。”

传统智慧就是指那些“虽然没有切实证据证明，但却因为被广大精英和权威人士所传扬而成为社会共识的观点及信息。——译者注

”人们经常会把那些拿手的，以及与我们的个人利差联系在一起的事物认定为真理，并努力气绝那些让我们感到不适或跟我们生活常识格格不入的东西。另一方面，我们又总是会接受那些有助于提升我们自尊的东西。”

Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work-whereas economics represents how it actually does work.

从根本上来说，经济学就是研究人的动机：人们怎样得到自己想要或者是需要的东西，尤其是当其他人也向要或者需要同样东西的时候。大多数经济学家都相信，只要能够设计出适当的激励机制，这个世界上所有的问题都能得到解决。动机就像是一发子弹，一根杠杆，一把钥匙：动机虽然很小，但它往往具有惊人的威力，能够使形势发生根本性的改变。动机一般可以分为3种类型：经济动机、社会动机和道德动机。在大多数情况下，任何一项激励计划都会包括这3种类型的动机。

没有人比父母们更容易被专家的“危言耸听”震慑住了。许多父母之所以会如此关心自己的孩子，很大一部分原因就是出于恐惧。

对于美国孩子来说，他们死在游泳池里的概率要远远大于死于枪口的概率……大多数人并不善于评估风险。

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在线阅读本书

Which is more dangerous, a gun or a swimming pool? What do schoolteachers and sumo wrestlers have in common? Why do drug dealers still live with their moms? How much do parents really matter? How did the legalization of abortion affect the rate of violent crime? These may not sound like typical questions for an econo-mist to ask. But Steven D. Levitt is not a typical economist. He is a much-heralded scholar who studies the riddles of everyday life—from cheating and crime to sports and child-rearing—and whose conclusions turn conventional wisdom on its head. Freakonomics is a groundbreaking collaboration between Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, an award-winning author and journalist. They usually begin with a mountain of data and a simple question. Some of these questions concern life-and-death issues; others have an admittedly freakish quality. Thus the new field of study contained in this book: freakonomics. Through forceful storytelling and wry insight, Levitt and Dubner show that economics is, at root, the study of incentives—how people get what they want, or need, especially when other people want or need the same thing. In Freakonomics , they explore the hidden side of . . . well, everything. The inner workings of a crack gang. The truth about real-estate agents. The myths of campaign finance. The telltale marks of a cheating schoolteacher. The secrets of the Klu Klux Klan. What unites all these stories is a belief that the modern world, despite a great deal of complexity and downright deceit, is not impenetrable, is not unknowable, and—if the right questions are asked—is even more intriguing than we think. All it takes is a new way of looking. Freakonomics establishes this unconventional premise: If morality represents how we would like the world to work, then economics represents how it actually does work. It is true that readers of this book will be armed with enough riddles and stories to last a thousand cocktail parties. But Freakonomics can provide more than that. It will literally redefine the way we view the modern world.