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Lots of people indulge in their irrational desires for meaningful explanations of our chaotic world, often in ways that are so mainstream that it never occurs to us to wonder about their validity. For example, an entire industry of business news provides continuous explanations of what’s going on in economic marketplaces when in all likelihood there is absolutely nothing special going on most of the time. Business news channels broadcast an endless stream of financial reports about “events” in global financial markets. They confidently explain that the Hang Seng Index is up, or the London FTSE is down, or Dow futures are unchanged because of the latest unemployment report, negotiated sovereign debt settlement, or quarterly profit reports. Of course, the null hypothesis is that market acti...

After years of struggling against Grafen’s abundant proof standard, I came to realize that the field of evolutionary biology had become like the financial market news reports. Evolutionary biologists have become convinced that a special kind of rhyme and reason—adaptive mate choice—must be happening everywhere and all the time. Why are they so convinced? When you examine it, it is mostly just a belief that the world must be that way. Remember, in rejecting Darwinian mate choice, Wallace asserted as a matter of principle that “natural selection acts perpetually and on an enormous scale.” The intellectual justification remains largely unchanged.

达尔文的配偶选择理论的最著名和最具革命性的特点，就是明确提出了审美的概念。他认为自然界中美的进化是因为动物进化成为它们以为的美的样子。这个观点的激进之处在于，它把生物体尤其是雌性生物体，定位成物种进化的推动者。自然选择反映的是自然界的外部力量对生物体的作用，比如竞争、捕食、气候和地理条件，而性选择是一个潜在的独立自主的过程，由生物体自身（主要是雌性）主导。达尔文认为雌性生物有“美的品位”和“审美能力”，而雄性生物总在试图“诱惑”它们的配偶：

In birds, there are basically two mechanisms at work in the evolution of female sexual autonomy. In many waterfowl, for example, females have evolved physical defense mechanisms to lower the effectiveness of forced copulation. Females with mutations for vaginal morphologies that prevent forced fertilization will have sons who inherit genes for their father’s attractive traits. These females will therefore have greater reproductive success (that is, more grandchildren) because other females will be attracted to their sexy offspring. Or rather, they’ll have such success if they’re not grievously injured or killed.

Unfortunately, as we saw in chapter 5, the evolution of these elaborate vaginal morphologies has a big downside, because it has instigated a costly, ever-accelerating sexual arms ...

最有力地支持人类同性性行为具有抗胁迫社会功能的证据源自倭黑猩猩，它们是我们在生命之树上亲缘关系最近的物种之一。倭黑猩猩最为人知的特点就是频繁、随意地发生性行为，其中大多是非生殖性的，而且包括大量的同性性行为。倭黑猩猩的性行为能缓解各种社会冲突（尤其是食物方面的冲突）因此，倭黑猩猩群体是平等且和平的。值得注意的是，尽管雄性倭黑猩猩与雌性倭黑猩猩在体型上的差异要比人类两性之间的差异大，但在倭黑猩猩中几乎从未发现性胁迫的现象。因此，倭黑猩猩证明同性性行为能够削弱雄性在性方面的统治地位，减少灵长类动物群体内的性胁迫。而且，雌性的同性性行为

可以加强雌性间的社会同盟关系，减少雄性在性和社会方面的竞争此外，同性性行为还可以减少竞争，增强群体的社会凝聚力。尽管倭黑猩猩和人类的同性性行为在社会功能上是相似的，但二者是各自独立进化的，进化机制也完全不同。

目前，单一基因和疾病之间的大部分统计关联都非常模糊和脆弱，所以将这些信息告诉客户基本上是一种误导。

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