A Short History of Nearly Everything 万物简史 9780552151740 pdf snb 115盘 kindle 在线 下载 pmlz mobi

Bill Bryson is one of the world’s most beloved and bestselling writers. In A Short History of Nearly Everything, he takes his ultimate journey–into the most intriguing and consequential questions that science seeks to answer. It’s a dazzling quest, the intellectual odyssey of a lifetime, as this insatiably curious writer attempts to understand everything that has transpired from the Big Bang to the rise of civilization. Or, as the author puts it, “…how we went from there being nothing at all to there being something, and then how a little of that something turned into us, and also what happened in between and since.” This is, in short, a tall order.

To that end, Bill Bryson apprenticed himself to a host of the world’s most profound scientific minds, living and dead. His challenge is to take subjects like geology, chemisty, paleontology, astronomy, and particle physics and see if there isn’t some way to render them comprehensible to people, like himself, made bored (or scared) stiff of science by school. His interest is not simply to discover what we know but to find out how we know it. How do we know what is in the center of the earth, thousands of miles beneath the surface? How can we know the extent and the composition of the universe, or what a black hole is? How can we know where the continents were 600 million years ago? How did anyone ever figure these things out?

On his travels through space and time, Bill Bryson encounters a splendid gallery of the most fascinating, eccentric, competitive, and foolish personalities ever to ask a hard question. In their company, he undertakes a sometimes profound, sometimes funny, and always supremely clear and entertaining adventure in the realms of human knowledge, as only this superb writer can render it. Science has never been more involving, and the world we inhabit has never been fuller of wonder and delight. --This text refers to the Hardcover edition.

作者简介：

Bill Bryson’s bestselling books include A Walk in the Woods, I’m a Stranger Here Myself, In A Sunburned Country, Bryson’s Dictionary of Troublesome Words, Bill Bryson's African Diary, and A Short History of Nearly Everything. He lives in Norfolk, England, with his wife and children.

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Ⅰ Lost in the Cosmos

1 How to Build a Universe

2 Welcome to the Solar System

3 The Reverend Evans's Universe

Ⅱ The Size of the Earth

4 The Measure of Thines

5 The Stone-Breakers

6 Science Red in Tooth and Claw

7 Elemental Matters

Ⅲ A New Age Dawns

8 Einstein's Universe

9 The Mighty Atom

　10 Getting the Lead Out

　11 Muster Mark's Quarks

　12 The Earth Moves

Ⅳ: Dangerous Planet

　13 Bang!

　14 The Fire Below

　15 Dangerous Beauty

Ⅴ: Life Itself

　16 Lonely Planet

　17 Into the Troposphere

　18 The Bounding Main

　19 The Rise of Life

　20 Small World

　21 Life Goes On

　22 Goodbye to All That

　23 The Richness of Being

　24 Cells

　25 Darwin's Singular Notion

　26 The Stuff of Life

Ⅵ: The Road to Us

　27 Ice Time

　28 The Mysterious Biped

　29 The Resdess Ape

　30 Goodbye

Notes

Bibliography

Index

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我用过的教科书全都出自男人之手

“你坐在椅子上，其实没有坐在上面，而是以1埃（一亿分之一厘米）的高度浮在上面，你的电子和它的电子不可调和地互相排斥，不可能达到更密切的程度”

根据霍伊尔的理论，一颗爆炸中的恒星会释放出足够的热量来产生所有的新元素，并把它撒在宇宙里。这些元素会形成气体云——就是所谓的星际媒介——最终聚合成新的太阳系。

......there are three stages in scientific discovery: first, people deny that it is true; then they deny that it is important; finally they credit the wrong person.

一颗恒星可以燃烧几十亿年，而死亡却是一下子的事儿。只有少量的临终恒星发生爆炸，大多数默默的熄灭，就像黎明时的篝火那样。

柯普在他极其勤奋的一生中，他写出了大约1400篇学术论文，描述了近1300种新的化石，其中，使美国已知的恐龙种类数量从9种增加到将近150种。普通人说得出的每一种恐龙──剑龙、雷龙、梁龙、三角龙──差不多都是他发现的。柯普本来可作出更大的贡献，但不幸的是，他干得过于拼命，过于草率，往往把已经知道的当做一项新的发现。他“发现”一个名叫“尤因他兽”的物种不下22次。他乱七八糟的分类，别人花了几年时间才整理出来，而有的至今还没有整理清楚。

　　他在1875年继承了一笔财产，不大明智地把钱投资于金融业，结果全部泡汤。在使他在后来的几年中急速走下坡路。临近晚年的时候 , 柯普产生了另一个有意思的念头。他殷切希望自己被宣布为“人类”的模式标本──即，把他的骨头作为人类的正式样板。在一般情况下，一个物种的模式标本就是被发现的第一副骨头，但由于“人类”的第一副骨头并不存在，就产生了一个空缺。柯普希望填补这个空缺。这是一个古怪而又没有价值的愿望，但谁也想不出理由来加以反对。

　　为此，柯普立下遗嘱，把自己的骨头捐献给费城的威斯塔研究所。那是个学术团体，是由好像无处不在的卡斯珀·威斯塔的后裔捐资成立的。不幸的是，经过处理和装配以后，人们发现他的骨头显示出患了早期梅毒的症状，谁也不愿意把这种特征保留在代表人类本身的模式标本上。于是，柯普的请求和他的骨头就不了了之。直到现在，现代人类仍然没有模式标本。

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